Privateness and digital rights advocates are elevating alarms over a legislation that many would anticipate them to cheer: a federal crackdown on revenge porn and AI-generated deepfakes.
The newly signed Take It Down Act makes it unlawful to publish nonconsensual specific photos — actual or AI-generated — and provides platforms simply 48 hours to adjust to a sufferer’s takedown request or face legal responsibility. Whereas extensively praised as a long-overdue win for victims, specialists have additionally warned its imprecise language, lax requirements for verifying claims, and tight compliance window might pave the best way for overreach, censorship of respectable content material, and even surveillance.
“Content material moderation at scale is extensively problematic and at all times finally ends up with necessary and vital speech being censored,” India McKinney, director of federal affairs at Digital Frontier Basis, a digital rights group, instructed TechCrunch.
On-line platforms have one 12 months to determine a course of for eradicating nonconsensual intimate imagery (NCII). Whereas the legislation requires takedown requests come from victims or their representatives, it solely asks for a bodily or digital signature — no photograph ID or different type of verification is required. That doubtless goals to cut back boundaries for victims, but it surely might create a chance for abuse.
“I actually need to be fallacious about this, however I feel there are going to be extra requests to take down photos depicting queer and trans individuals in relationships, and much more than that, I feel it’s gonna be consensual porn,” McKinney mentioned.
Senator Marsha Blackburn (R-TN), a co-sponsor of the Take It Down Act, additionally sponsored the Children On-line Security Act which places the onus on platforms to guard kids from dangerous content material on-line. Blackburn has mentioned she believes content material associated to transgender individuals is dangerous to youngsters. Equally, the Heritage Basis — the conservative assume tank behind Venture 2025 — has additionally mentioned that “preserving trans content material away from kids is defending youngsters.”
Due to the legal responsibility that platforms face in the event that they don’t take down a picture inside 48 hours of receiving a request, “the default goes to be that they simply take it down with out doing any investigation to see if this truly is NCII or if it’s one other sort of protected speech, or if it’s even related to the one that’s making the request,” mentioned McKinney.
Snapchat and Meta have each mentioned they’re supportive of the legislation, however neither responded to TechCrunch’s requests for extra details about how they’ll confirm whether or not the particular person requesting a takedown is a sufferer.
Mastodon, a decentralized platform that hosts its personal flagship server that others can be part of, instructed TechCrunch it will lean in the direction of removing if it was too troublesome to confirm the sufferer.
Mastodon and different decentralized platforms like Bluesky or Pixelfed could also be particularly susceptible to the chilling impact of the 48-hour takedown rule. These networks depend on independently operated servers, typically run by nonprofits or people. Below the legislation, the FTC can deal with any platform that doesn’t “moderately comply” with takedown calls for as committing an “unfair or misleading act or observe” – even when the host isn’t a business entity.
“That is troubling on its face, however it’s notably so at a second when the chair of the FTC has taken unprecedented steps to politicize the company and has explicitly promised to make use of the facility of the company to punish platforms and companies on an ideological, versus principled, foundation,” the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative, a nonprofit devoted to ending revenge porn, mentioned in a assertion.
Proactive monitoring
McKinney predicts that platforms will begin moderating content material earlier than it’s disseminated so that they have fewer problematic posts to take down sooner or later.
Platforms are already utilizing AI to observe for dangerous content material.
Kevin Guo, CEO and co-founder of AI-generated content material detection startup Hive, mentioned his firm works with on-line platforms to detect deepfakes and little one sexual abuse materials (CSAM). A few of Hive’s clients embody Reddit, Giphy, Vevo, Bluesky, and BeReal.
“We had been truly one of many tech corporations that endorsed that invoice,” Guo instructed TechCrunch. “It’ll assist clear up some fairly necessary issues and compel these platforms to undertake options extra proactively.”
Hive’s mannequin is a software-as-a-service, so the startup doesn’t management how platforms use its product to flag or take away content material. However Guo mentioned many purchasers insert Hive’s API on the level of add to observe earlier than something is distributed out to the group.
A Reddit spokesperson instructed TechCrunch the platform makes use of “refined inner instruments, processes, and groups to handle and take away” NCII. Reddit additionally companions with nonprofit SWGfl to deploy its StopNCII instrument, which scans dwell visitors for matches towards a database of identified NCII and removes correct matches. The corporate didn’t share how it will make sure the particular person requesting the takedown is the sufferer.
McKinney warns this type of monitoring might prolong into encrypted messages sooner or later. Whereas the legislation focuses on public or semi-public dissemination, it additionally requires platforms to “take away and make cheap efforts to stop the reupload” of nonconsensual intimate photos. She argues this might incentivize proactive scanning of all content material, even in encrypted areas. The legislation doesn’t embody any carve outs for end-to-end encrypted messaging companies like WhatsApp, Sign, or iMessage.
Meta, Sign, and Apple haven’t responded to TechCrunch’s request for extra data on their plans for encrypted messaging.
Broader free speech implications
On March 4, Trump delivered a joint tackle to Congress through which he praised the Take It Down Act and mentioned he appeared ahead to signing it into legislation.
“And I’m going to make use of that invoice for myself, too, when you don’t thoughts,” he added. “There’s no person who will get handled worse than I do on-line.”
Whereas the viewers laughed on the remark, not everybody took it as a joke. Trump hasn’t been shy about suppressing or retaliating towards unfavorable speech, whether or not that’s labeling mainstream media retailers “enemies of the individuals,” barring The Related Press from the Oval Workplace regardless of a courtroom order, or pulling funding from NPR and PBS.
On Thursday, the Trump administration barred Harvard College from accepting international pupil admissions, escalating a battle that started after Harvard refused to stick to Trump’s calls for that it make adjustments to its curriculum and eradicate DEI-related content material, amongst different issues. In retaliation, Trump has frozen federal funding to Harvard and threatened to revoke the college’s tax-exempt standing.
“At a time once we’re already seeing faculty boards attempt to ban books and we’re seeing sure politicians be very explicitly concerning the varieties of content material they don’t need individuals to ever see, whether or not it’s important race concept or abortion data or details about local weather change…it’s deeply uncomfortable for us with our previous work on content material moderation to see members of each events overtly advocating for content material moderation at this scale,” McKinney mentioned.